INCORRECT: Recent studies have risen a number of key questions regarding the impact of CCTV on crime.
CORRECT: Recent studies have raised a number of key questions regarding the impact of CCTV on crime.
RULE: The verb have risen is intransitive, and therefore it cannot have an object like a number of key questions.
INCORRECT: A work managed by Rost(1991) has shown up about two hundred definitions since 1900 till 1990, while the major part of writers didn’t define it (Rost,1993).
CORRECT: A work managed by Rost(1991) has revealed about two hundred definitions since 1900 till 1990, while the major part of writers didn’t define it (Rost,1993).
RULE: The verb has shown up is intransitive, and therefore it cannot have an object like about two hundred definitions.